UNIT 11 First Impressions

A.  First Impressions

Adverbs of manner 

Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. In this episode of The Flatmates, Paul says: '...that ended very abruptly...'. If we ask: how did it end? - The answer is 'abruptly'. Paul also says: '...she calmly announced that she had fallen in love with someone else.' If we ask: how did she announce it? - The answer is 'calmly'. Other examples: He swims fast. How does he swim? - fast. She sings beautifully. How does she sing? - beautifully. I opened the door wide. How did I open the door? - wide. She quickly finished her dinner. How did she finish? - quickly.

Adverbs of manner - position 

Adverbs of manner are usually placed after the main verb. He swims fast. She sings beautifully. It is possible to place the adverb before the verb. This places emphasis on the adverb. She calmly announced that she had fallen in love with someone else. She quickly finished her dinner. But some adverbs are always placed after the verb. These adverbs are: well, badly, hard, fast. The team well played. - WRONG The team played well. - RIGHT He performed badly. The students tried hard. (note: hard is an irregular adverb - don't sayhardly) The dogs ran fast. (note: fast is an irregular adverb - don't sayfastly)

Adverbs of manner - verbs with objects 

If the verb has an object, the adverb of manner is usually placed afterthe object, not between the verb and object. I opened wide the door. - WRONG I opened the door wide. - RIGHT He ate the chocolate cake greedily. She typed the email hurriedly. However, it is still possible to place the adverb before the verb, to emphasise the adverb. He greedily ate the chocolate cake. She hurriedly typed the email.

Adverbs of manner - beginning position 

Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of a sentence, to catch the reader's attention and make him/her curious: Slowly, carefully, she opened the box. This use of adverb position makes the reader want to find out more. What is in the box? Why did she open it slowly and carefully?

Adverbs of manner - more than one verb 

When there is more than one verb in a clause, the position of the adverb is very important. If it is placed with the verb, it modifies the action described by the verb. If it is placed at the end of the clause, it describes the manner of the whole action described in the clause. Compare: She slowly decided to leave the party. = slowly modifies decided. She decided to leave the party slowly. = slowly modifies leave the party. The teacher quietly asked the children to finish their game. = quietlymodifies asked. The teacher asked the children to finish their game quietly. = quietlymodifies finish (their game).

Adverb modifiers - a bit, quite, most, fairly, very, extremely 

You can give more information about most adverbs of manner by using a word such as: a bit quite most fairly really very extremely These words are always placed before the adverb. Very carefully, she carried the baby upstairs. She carried the baby upstairs very carefully. She very carefully carried the baby upstairs. He finished his homework really quickly.

Common adverbs of manner 

angrily badly beautifully calmingly carefully cautiously cleverly dangerously eagerly excitedly foolishly fast furiously greedily happily hard hurriedly kindly nervously politely quickly quietly secretly silently slowly softly stupidly unhappily well wickedly willingly wisely

Vocabulary 

hang up (v)  to end a telephone call by deliberately breaking the connection  end of story when English speakers use this informal phrase, they mean that there is no reason to continue discussing something - there's no more to be said  it's over the relationship is finished  abruptly (adv) suddenly, without warning  announced said something formally, publicly or officially. Paul uses the verb 'announce' to show that his wife did not discuss their separation with him  moved out took all his belongings and left his home to go and live somewhere else Exercises: https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/word-order/exercises?08 http://www.learnenglish.de/games/adverbs/adverbs.html B. What do you want to do? Many different verbs are followed, or can be followed, by a second verb in the infinitive. All of the verbs listed on on this page are followed by a to-infinitive when the infinitive is used. Verbs marked with an asterix can also be followed by a that-clause, as shown in the examples. Verbs marked with two asterix can only be followed by a that-clause when the subject of the primary verb is "it". VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE afford agree* aim appear** arrange* bother care claim* condescend consent decide* demand* determine* endeavour fail guarantee* happen* hasten have (= be obliged) hesitate hope* learn long manage offer prepare pretend* proceed promise* propose prove (= turn out) refuse resolve* seek seem** strive swear* tend threaten* trouble undertake volunteer vow* EXAMPLES I hope to see you next week. I hope that I'll see you next week. He claimed to be an expert. He claimed that she was an expert. I managed to reach the top of the hill. Would you care to swim? EXAMPLES It appeared that no-one had locked the door. He appeared to be lost. It seems that she is running late. She seems to be running late. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A NOUN + THE INFINITIVE accustom aid appoint assist cause challenge command* defy direct* drive empower enable encourage entice entitle entreat force get implore* incite induce inspire instruct* invite lead leave (= make someone responsible) oblige order* persuade* press prompt provoke remind* require* stimulate summon teach tell tempt trust* Exercises: http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/verb-infinitive-or-verb-gerund C. Men, woman and Internet The 3 articles in English are a, an and the. The learner has to decide noun-by-noun which one of the articles to use*. In fact, there are 4 choices to make, because sometimes no article is necessary. Native-speakers, of course, use the articles correctly without thinking in everyday spoken language. English learners, on the other hand, need to have some guidelines for making the right choice - particularly those learners whose own language does not have articles, such as Japanese or Korean. The guidelines that follow here should help ESL students to a basic understanding of English article use. The most important first step in choosing the correct article is to categorize the noun as count or uncount in its context**: - A count noun is a noun that can have a number in front of it: 1 teacher, 3 books, 76 trombones, 1,000,000 people. Exercises http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/nouns_articles/a_the.htm